Mortality Associated With Implantation and Management of Intrathecal Opioid Drug Infusion Systems to Treat Noncancer Pain

Coffey RJ, et al. Anesthesiology. 2009;111(4):881-891.

Intrathecal Ziconotide and Opioid Combination Therapy for Noncancer Pain: an Observational Study

Deer TR, et al. Pain Physician. 2009;12(4):E291-E296.

A Predictive Model for Intrathecal Opioid Dose Escalation for Chronic Non-Cancer Pain

Duarte RV, et al. Pain Physician. 2012;15(5):363-369.

Prospective Study of 3-Year Follow-up of Low-Dose Intrathecal Opioids in the Management of Chronic Nonmalignant Pain

Hamza M, et al. Pain Med. 2012;13(10):1304-1313.

Androgen Deficiency in Long-term Intrathecal Opioid Administration

Kim CH, et al. Pain Physician. 2014;17(4):E543-E548.

Practical Considerations and Patient Selection for Intrathecal Drug Delivery in the Management of Chronic Pain

Saulino M, et al. J Pain Res. 2014;7:627-638. 

Safety and Efficacy of Intrathecal Ziconotide in the Management of Severe Chronic Pain

Smith HS, Deer TR. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009;5(3):521-534.

Long-term Intrathecal Ziconotide for Chronic Pain: an Open-Label Study

Webster LR, et al. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37(3):363-372.

Clinical Accuracy and Safety Using the SynchroMed II Intrathecal Drug Infusion Pump

Wesemann K, et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39(4):341-346.

Programmable Intrathecal Pumps for the Management of Chronic Pain: Recommendations for Improved Efficiency

Wilkes D. J Pain Res. 2014;7:571-577.