Virologic Failure in HIV
An Updated Clinician’s Guide to Assessment and Management
Clinical Practice Guidelines
European AIDS Clinical Society.
EACS Guidelines 2021; v11.0; October 2021.
Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance: 2018 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel.
Günthard HF, Calvez V, Paredes R, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(2):177-187.
Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV.
US Department of Health and Human Services
Clinician Resources
HIV resistance assays.
New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute.
HIV Drug Resistance Database.
Stanford University.
HIV drug resistance.
World Health Organization.
Patient and Caregiver Resources
AIDSMap Resources
NAM Publications
Resources for persons living with HIV
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
HIV resources
National Institutes of Health
Suggested Readings
Dolutegravir versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir both with dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy in adults with HIV-1 infection in whom first-line therapy has failed (DAWNING): an open-label, non-inferiority, phase 3b trial.
Aboud M, Kaplan R, Lombaard J, et al. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(3):253-264.
Real-life experience with bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in a large reference clinical centre.
Ambrosioni J, Rojas Liévano J, Berrocal L, et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2022;77(4):1133-1139.
Substantial decline in heavily treated therapy-experienced persons with HIV with limited antiretroviral treatment options.
Bajema KL, Nance RM, Delaney JAC, et al; Centers for AIDS Research Clinical Network of Integrated Systems (CNICS). AIDS. 2020;34(14):2051-2059.
Ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors versus ritonavir-boosted lopinavir plus raltegravir for treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults with virological failure of a standard first-line ART regimen (SECOND-LINE): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study.
Boyd MA, Kumarasamy N, Moore CL, et al; SECOND-LINE Study Group. Lancet. 2013;381(9883):2091-2099.
The management of treatment-experienced HIV patients (including virologic failure and switches).
Cutrell J, Jodlowski T, Bedimo R. Ther Adv Infectious Dis. 2020;7:2049936120901395.
Lenacapavir: a first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor.
Dvory-Sobol H, Shaik N, Callebaut C, Rhee MS. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2022;17(1):15-21.
Phase 3 study of ibalizumab for multidrug-resistant HIV-1.
Emu B, Fessel J, Schrader S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(7):645-654.
Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug fostemsavir in heavily treatment-experienced individuals: week 96 results of the phase 3 BRIGHTE study.
Lataillade M, Lalezari JP, Kozal M, et al. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(11):e740-e751.
Real life use of dolutegravir doravirine dual regimen in experienced elderly PLWH with multiple comorbidities and on polypharmacy: A retrospective analysis.
Mazzitelli M, Sasset L, Leoni D, Putaggio C, Cattelan AM. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(52):e28488.
Long-acting lenacapavir in people with multidrug resistant HIV-1: week 52 results.
Ogbuagu O, Segal-Maurer S, Brinson C, et al. Presented at: Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 12-16, 2022; virtual conference. Abstract 491.
Potent antiviral activity of lenacapavir in phase 2/3 in heavily ART-experienced PWH.
Segal-Maurer S, Castagna A, Berhe M, et al. CROI. March 6-10, 2021; Virtual Conference. Abstract 127.
The M184V mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase reduces the restoration of wild-type replication by attenuated viruses.
Wei X, Liang C, Götte M, Wainberg MA. AIDS. 2002;16(18):2391-2398.
Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir plus boosted-darunavir dual therapy among highly treatment-experienced patients.
Vizcarra P, Fontecha M, Monsalvo M, Vivancos MJ, Rojo A, Casado JL. Antivir Ther. 2019;24(6):467-471.
An Updated Clinician’s Guide to Assessment and Management
Relevant Resources
The PCPs Role in Preventing HIV
What Do You Know About PrEP?
Optimizing Use of Clinical Evidence & Pharmacoeconomic Models in Managed Care
What Do You Know About PrEP?
Got it? Treat it!
The Critical Role of the Community Pharmacist
Bringing Local Communities Together to Eliminate Coinfection Through Knowledge and Partnerships.
Volume 1: Rapid ART Initiation: A New Addition to the HIV-Care Tool Box
Key Issues Impacting OB/GYN Practice
Hot Topics in HBV, HCV, and NASH
Volume II: Expanding Evidence for the Role of Rapid ART Initiation in HIV Practice
Why It Matters in OB/GYN Practice Today
A Treater’s Guide to Optimizing Care in the Aging Patient with Comorbidities
How the Pharmacist Can Make a Difference
HIV Can Be Prevented— Are You Doing Your Part?
Rapid Start ART — A New Model for HIV Care
Understanding the Growing Syndemic — Opioids, HCV, and HIV
A PrEP Primer
The PCP’s Role in HCV Elimination
What the Pharmacist Needs to Know about PrEP
The Rapid ART Standard of Care: From Evidence to Healthcare Equity
Maximizing Your Role to Impact Patient Outcomes
Building Bridges to Reach People Who Inject Drugs With the Goal to Eliminate HCV
Benefits, Barriers, & Best Practices in an Advancing Field
Practical Solutions Across the Spectrum of Care
A PEP/PrEP Training Guide for Pharmacists
A Critical Step Toward HCV Elimination
Considering the Patient, the Provider, and the Science
A Multidisciplinary Online Mini-Curriculum
Debates and Discussions about Monoclonal Antibody Therapies
An Update on Monoclonal Antibody Therapies
Establishing Clinical Readiness Through Mentored Learning
Recent Developments in Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment
New Avenues to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
