Indirect treatment comparisons of lenacapavir plus optimized background regimen versus other treatments for multidrug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus.
Chatzidaki I, Curteis T, Luedke H, et al. Value Health. 2023;26(6):810-822.
Early experience implementing long-acting injectable cabotegravir/rilpivirine for human immunodeficiency virus-1 treatment at a Ryan White-funded clinic in the US South.
Collins LF, Corbin-Johnson D, Asrat M, et al. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(9):ofac455.
Phase 3 study of ibalizumab for multidrug-resistant HIV-1.
Emu B, Fessel J, Schrader S, et al. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(7):645-654.
Boosted darunavir and dolutegravir dual therapy among a cohort of highly treatment-experienced individuals.
Hawkins KL, Montague BT, Rowan SE, et al. Antivir Ther. 2019;24(7):513-519.
48-week viral suppression rates in people with HIV starting long-acting CAB/RPV with initial viremia.
Hickey MD, Gistand N, Grochowski J, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2024:ciae500. [Epub ahead of print]
Mechanisms of motivational interviewing for antiretroviral medication adherence in people with HIV.
Hogan A, Catley D, Goggin K, et al. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(10):2956-2965.
Fostemsavir in adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection.
Kozal M, Aberg J, Pialoux G, et al; BRIGHTE Trial Team. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(13):1232-1243.
Safety and efficacy of the HIV-1 attachment inhibitor prodrug fostemsavir in heavily treatment-experienced individuals: week 96 results of the phase 3 BRIGHTE study.
Lataillade M, Lalezari JP, Kozal M, et al. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(11):e740-e751.
Resistance analyses in heavily treatment-experienced people with HIV treated with the novel HIV capsid inhibitor lenacapavir after 2 years.
Margot NA, Jogiraju V, Pennetzdorfer N, et al. J Infect Dis. 2025:jiaf050. [Epub ahead of print]
Assessment of second-line antiretroviral regimens for HIV therapy in Africa.
Paton NI, Kityo C, Hoppe A, et al. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):234-247.
Nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor cross-resistance and outcomes from second-line antiretroviral therapy in the public health approach: an observational analysis within the randomised, open-label, EARNEST trial.
Paton NI, Kityo C, Thompson J, et al. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(8):e341-e348.
Efficacy and safety of dolutegravir or darunavir in combination with lamivudine plus either zidovudine or tenofovir for second-line treatment of HIV infection (NADIA): week 96 results from a prospective, multicentre, open-label, factorial, randomised, non-inferiority trial.
Paton NI, Musaazi J, Kityo C, et al. Lancet HIV. 2022;9(6):e381-e393.
Long-acting injectable CAB/RPV is superior to oral ART in PWH with adherence challenges: ACTG A5359.
Rana AI, Bao Y, Zheng L, et al. Presented at: CROI; March 3-6, 2024; Denver, CO. Abstract 212.
Susceptibility to HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) in highly treatment-experienced patients who failed an INSTI-based regimen.
Santoro MM, Fornabaio C, Malena M, et al. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(1):106027.
Capsid inhibition with lenacapavir in multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection.
Segal-Maurer S, DeJesus E, Stellbrink HJ, et al. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(19):1793-1803.
HIV: how to manage heavily treatment-experienced patients.
Spivack S, Pagkalinawan S, Samuel R, et al. Drugs Context. 2022;11:2021-9-1.
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV in adults: 2024 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel.
Gandhi RT, Landovitz RJ, Sax PE, et al. JAMA. 2024. [Epub ahead of print]
Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents living with HIV.
US Department of Health and Human Services
CLINICIAN RESOURCES
Clinical Guidelines Program: HIV Treatment
New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute
Clinician-to-Clinician Advice
National Clinician Consultation Center; University of California, San Francisco
HIV Drug Resistance Database.
Stanford University.
PATIENT AND CAREGIVER RESOURCES
AIDSMap
NAM Publications
Living with HIV
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Public HIV resources
National Institutes of Health



Exploring the Spectrum of Virologic Failure in HIV
From Resistance Testing to Heavily Treatment-Experienced Patients
Faculty: | Eric S. Daar, MD |
Release: | 04/11/2025 |
Expiration: | 04/11/2026 |